- Industry: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
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A two-dimensional display, using colors or different gray scales, of the bubble velocity around the borehole against depth. The x-axis of the image shows different segments of the borehole, normally inside a casing, displayed from the top of the hole clockwise around through the bottom and back to the top again. Depth is in the z-axis, while the values of bubble velocity are represented by different colors or changes from black to white. <br><br>The velocity image is constructed from between four and eight local probe measurements using interpolation within constraints. Images, sometimes called maps, are also made for bubble count and holdup.
Industry:Oil & gas
A tubular placed at the bottom of the subsurface sucker-rod pump and inside the gas anchor to drive the formation fluid with little or no gas into the pump.
Industry:Oil & gas
A tube or system of tubes used for transporting crude oil and natural gas from the field or gathering system to the refinery.
Industry:Oil & gas
A truck- or skid-mounted unit used to heat oil or treatment fluid. Hot oilers are routinely used in the removal of wax deposits from the upper wellbore section of wells in cold climates where low wellhead temperatures increases the susceptibility of heavy crude oil to wax precipitation.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treatment performed to restore or enhance the productivity of a well. Stimulation treatments fall into two main groups, hydraulic fracturing treatments and matrix treatments. Fracturing treatments are performed above the fracture pressure of the reservoir formation and create a highly conductive flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore. Matrix treatments are performed below the reservoir fracture pressure and generally are designed to restore the natural permeability of the reservoir following damage to the near-wellbore area. Stimulation in shale gas reservoirs typically takes the form of hydraulic fracturing treatments.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treatment fluid prepared for stimulation purposes, although the term most commonly is applied to matrix stimulation fluids. Most matrix stimulation fluids are acid or solvent-based, with hydrochloric acid being the most common base due to its reaction characteristics and its relative ease of control.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treatment designed to treat the near-wellbore reservoir formation rather than other areas of the production conduit, such as the casing across the production interval, production tubulars or the perforations. Matrix stimulation treatments include acid, solvent and chemical treatments to improve the permeability of the near-wellbore formation, enhancing the productivity of a well. <br><br>Matrix stimulation is a process of injecting a fluid into the formation, either an acid or solvent at pressures below the fracturing pressure, to improve the production or injection flow capacity of a well. The goal of a matrix treatment is different in sandstones than in carbonates. In sandstones, matrix treatments restore or improve the natural formation permeability around the wellbore by removing formation damage, by dissolving material plugging the pores or by enlarging the pore spaces. In carbonates, matrix stimulation creates new, highly conductive channels (wormholes) that bypass damage. <br><br>Because of these differences, the selection criteria for the treating fluid are also distinct. For sandstone treatments, knowledge of the extent, type of damage, location, origin, reservoir mineralogy (petrographic study) and compatibility of the treating fluid with the formation are especially important. In carbonate treatments, reservoir temperature, pumping rate and fluid type become more significant because these parameters directly affect the reactivity of the treating fluid with the reservoir rock. <br><br>A sandstone matrix stimulation treatment is generally composed of a hydrochloric acid (HCl) preflush, a main treating fluid (HCl-HF mixtures) and an overflush (weak acid solution or brine). The treating fluid is maintained under pressure inside the reservoir for a period of time, after which the well is swabbed and returned to production. In carbonate reservoirs, HCl is the most common fluid used. Organic acids such as formic and acetic acid are used in either sandstone or carbonate acidizing, mainly in retarded-acid systems or in high-temperature applications. <br><br>Matrix stimulation is also called matrix treatment or matrix acidizing.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treatment conducted within a reservoir or perforated interval to reduce water production. Water-control treatments may be necessary when the production efficiency of a well, or the process capability of surface facilities, is compromised by the volume of water produced with the oil or gas. Treatment options include selective isolation of the water-producing perforations or localized treatment of the formation matrix.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treated oil that contains small amounts of basic sediments and water (BS&W). Dry oil is also called clean oil.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treating system used to remove hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and carbonyl sulfide from a gas stream. The acid gases are absorbed by the diethanolamine (DEA), and sweet gas leaves at the top of the absorber.
Industry:Oil & gas
