- Industry: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The name given to the initial system of operational polar-orbiting meteorological satellites in the United States, specifically ''ESSA''''-1'' to ''-9''. See TIROS.
Industry:Weather
A joint scientific satellite project between the United States and Japan designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall and the associated release of energy to the atmosphere. The TRMM instrument package includes the first spaceborne precipitation radar, the TRMM microwave imager, a visible and infrared scanner, a cloud and earth radiant energy system, and a lightning imaging sensor. The TRMM satellite was successfully launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan on 27 November 1997.
Industry:Weather
A gas-filled waveguide cavity that acts as a short circuit when ionized by high-power energy but is transparent to low-power emission when not ionized. It is used as a switch to protect the receiver of a radar from the high power of the transmitter while passing the low-power signals received at the antenna. See recovery time.
Industry:Weather
An atmospheric sounding system composed of three instruments carried on the ''TIROS''''-N'' and ''NOAA''''-6'' through ''-14'' polar-orbiting satellites. The HIRS, MSU, and SSU instruments compose the TOVS system.
Industry:Weather
A satellite instrument that measures backscattered ultraviolet radiation to infer total column ozone. TOMS was first flown on ''Nimbus''''-7'', launched in November 1978, and has subsequently flown on ''Meteor''''-3'', ''ADEOS'', and other international satellites. The antarctic ozone hole was first discovered through analysis of TOMS data.
Industry:Weather
A model, comprising tangent linear equations, that maps a perturbation vector, δ'''x'''(''t''<sub>1</sub>) = ''L''δ'''x'''(''t''<sub>0</sub>), from initial time ''t''<sub>0</sub> to forecast time ''t''<sub>1</sub>. Here, ''L'' is the tangent linear operator and '''x''' is the model state vector. A TLM provides a first-order approximation to the evolution of perturbations in a nonlinear forecast trajectory. See tangent linear approximation, small perturbation, adjoint model.
Industry:Weather
(Abbreviated TKE. ) The mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow. A budget equation for TKE can be formed from the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flow through Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds averaging. For most meteorological applications it is assumed that buoyancy effects are in the ''z'' direction only, that the mean vertical velocity is zero (hydrostatic scaling), and that molecular diffusion is neglected. See Also hydrostatic balance, isotropic turbulence, local isotropy, Reynolds number, Reynolds stresses, turbulence length scales, turbulence spectrum, viscous fluid.
Industry:Weather
A type of radar display on which the reflectivity, Doppler velocity, or other properties of echoes are displayed as a function of time and height in rectangular coordinates. The THI is ordinarily composed of successive observations with a vertically pointing radar beam. It may be an intensity-modulated display or may use a scale of colors to represent the values of the function displayed.
Industry:Weather
The first satellite series dedicated to meteorological observations. ''TIROS-1'', launched in April 1960, carried a vidicon television camera to provide visible images of the earth. ''TIROS-8'', launched in December 1963, introduced APT, while ''TIROS-9'', launched in January 1965 in a sun-synchronous orbit, produced the first global composite imagery. The first ten satellites in the TIROS series, launched from 1960 to 1965, were experimental systems. From 1966 to 1969 TIROS satellites were used for the first series of operational polar-orbiting satellites, the TIROS Operational System. These satellites were named ''ESSA-1'' through ''ESSA-9''. A second series of operational satellites, the Improved TIROS Operational System, was launched between 1970 and 1976 and includes the ''ITOS-1'' satellite, as well as ''NOAA-1'' through ''5''. The current polar-orbiting series began with ''TIROS-N'', launched on 13 October 1978, and continuing with ''NOAA-6'', ''-7'', and ''-12''. ''NOAA-8'' through ''-11'' and ''NOAA-14'' were modified versions of ''TIROS- N'', designated Advanced TIROS-N satellites. Like GOES, the polar-orbiting satellites are typically given a letter designation as they are built and then renamed with a number after they are successfully launched. Thus NOAA-J became ''NOAA-14'' after launch. ''TIROS-N'' is an exception to this rule.
Industry:Weather
Disturbances in the electron density of the ionosphere that are observed to propagate for large distances (thousands of kilometers). They are detected by ionospheric sounding techniques and are now attributed to the effects of gravity waves that have grown to large amplitudes in propagating upward into the ionosphere.
Industry:Weather
